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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    How to Target Households in Adaptive Social Protection Systems? Evidence from Humanitarian and Development Approaches in Niger
    2019
    ISSN: 0022-0388 
    Details
    Language: English
    In: The Journal of development studies, 2019-12-13, Vol.55 (sup1), p.75-90
    Description: The methods used to identify the beneficiaries of programmes aiming to address persistent poverty and shocks are subject to frequent policy debates. Relying on panel data from Niger, this report simulates the performance of various targeting methods that are widely used by development and humanitarian actors. The methods include proxy-means testing (PMT), household economy analysis (HEA), geographical targeting, and combined methods. Results show that PMT performs more effectively in identifying persistently poor households, while HEA shows superior performance in identifying transiently food insecure households. Geographical targeting is particularly efficient in responding to food crises, which tend to be largely covariate. Combinations of geographical, PMT, and HEA approaches may be used as part of an efficient and scalable adaptive social protection system. Results motivate the consolidation of data across programmes, which can support the application of alternative targeting methods tailored to programme-specific objectives.
    Subject(s): ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION ; Beneficiaries ; Business & Economics ; Development Studies ; Economics ; Food ; Households ; Humanitarianism ; Intervention ; Low income groups ; Means testing ; Panel data ; Poverty ; POVERTY REDUCTION ; Protection ; RESILIENCE ; SOCIAL PROTECTION ; Social Sciences ; Social systems ; TARGETING ; Welfare state
    ISSN: 0022-0388
    E-ISSN: 1743-9140
    DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2019.1687877
    Source: International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)
    Source: Business Source Ultimate
    Source: Taylor & Francis Open Access
    Source: EconLit with Full Text
    Source: Academic Search Ultimate
    Source: Open Knowledge Repository
    Source: Web of Science - Social Sciences Citation Index – 2019〈img src="http://exlibris-pub.s3.amazonaws.com/fromwos-v2.jpg" /〉
    Source: Sociological Abstracts
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  • 2
    Book
    Book
    Can the Luck of the Draw Help Social Safety Nets?
    2021
    ISSN: 7063-8161 
    Details
    Language: English
    Description: Lottery, a simple random draw, has been used in selecting beneficiaries of public work programs in context as diverse as Argentina and the Central African Republic. However, despite a burgeoning literature on targeting, this approach has hardly been studied. This policy note discusses how lotteries compare against other targeting methods in terms of efficiency, legitimacy, and readiness; and if lotteries could be expanded beyond their traditional use for public works to cash transfers. While more research is needed, there is no immediate reason why lotteries should not be used for targeting social safety net interventions, especially when responding to emergencies in ultra-poor and fragile settings.
    Subject(s): CASH TRANSFERS ; LOTTERY ; PUBLIC WORKS ; SAFETY NETS ; SOCIAL PROTECTION ; TARGETING BENEFITS
    ISSN: 7063-8161
    Source: Open Knowledge Repository
    URL: View record in World Bank's OKR$$FView record in $$GWorld Bank's OKR$$Hfree for read
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Efficiency, Legitimacy, and Impacts of Targeting Methods: Evidence from an Experiment in Niger
    2021
    ISSN: 0258-6770 
    Details
    Language: English
    In: The World Bank economic review, 2021-11, Vol.35 (4), p.892-920
    Description: The methods to select safety net beneficiaries are the subject of frequent debates. Targeting assessments usually focus on efficiency by documenting the pre-program profile of selected beneficiaries. This study provides a more comprehensive analysis of targeting performance through an experiment embedded in a national cash transfer program in Niger. Eligible villages were randomly assigned to have beneficiary households selected by community-based targeting (CBT), proxy-means testing (PMT), or a formula to identify the food-insecure (FCS). The study considers targeting legitimacy and the impact of targeting choice on program effectiveness based on data collected after program roll-out. PMT is more efficient in identifying households with lower consumption per capita. Nonbeneficiaries find formula-based methods (PMT and FCS) more legitimate than CBT. Manipulation and information imperfections affect CBT, which can explain why it is not the most legitimate. Program impacts on some welfare dimensions are larger among households selected by PMT than CBT.
    ISSN: 0258-6770
    E-ISSN: 1564-698X
    DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhaa019
    Source: World Bank e-Library
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    Targeting for Social Safety Nets : Evidence from Nine Programs in the Sahel
    2021
    ISSN: 3227-2163 
    Details
    Language: English
    Description: Proxy-Means Testing (PMT) and Community-Based Targeting (CBT) are among the most widely used methods for poverty targeting in low-income settings. This paper analyzes household data from nine programs implemented in the Sahel region using a harmonized approach to compare PMT and CBT selection as conducted in practice, once geographical targeting has been applied. The results show that the targeting performance measured depends critically on the definition of the targeting objectives, share of beneficiaries selected, and indexes used to evaluate targeting. While PMT performs better in reaching the poorest households based on per capita consumption, it differs little from CBT, or a random or universal allocation of benefits when distances to poverty lines are considered. When aiming to identify food insecure households, most PMT and CBT targeting schemes perform no better than a random allocation of benefits. On the other hand, targeting costs represent only a small share of budgets. Overall, the results emphasize the need to study programs as implemented in practice instead of relying on simulations of targeting performance, as widely used by practitioners and academics. Taken together, the findings suggest that while there may be a need to select households resulting from budget constraints, PMT and CBT contribute little to poverty or food insecurity reduction efforts in poor and homogeneous settings.
    Subject(s): BENEFIT ALLOCATION ; CASH TRANSFERS ; COMMUNITY-BASED TARGETING ; POVERTY ; SAHEL ; SOCIAL PROTECTION ; SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ; TARGETING SOCIAL PROGRAMS
    ISSN: 3227-2163
    Source: Open Knowledge Repository
    URL: View record in World Bank's OKR$$FView record in $$GWorld Bank's OKR$$Hfree for read
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    How to Target Households in Adaptive Social Protection Systems? : Relative Efficiency of Proxy Means Test and Household Economy Analysis in Niger
    2016
    ISSN: 1982-9147 
    Details
    Language: English
    Description: Proxy Means Test (PMT) and the Household Economy Analysis (HEA) are widely used methods to target chronically poor households and those suffering from food crises respectively. Using panel data from Niger, this study provides the first empirical evidence on the relative efficiency of these methods in identifying households suffering from permanent or seasonal deprivations. Results show limited overlap between households selected by each method. The PMT performs better in targeting chronically poor households, while HEA performs better in targeting seasonal food insecure households. The study also explores the extent to which these methods can be improved, used and potentially combined to target households as part of ASP systems. Results show that the HEA formula could be further improved to target seasonally food insecure households, including through a regression model estimating food insecurity, and a principal component analysis (PCA) model. Combinations of PMT with methods such as HEA, PCA, or a food insecurity formula may be considered to identify households suffering from chronic poverty and seasonal food insecurity as part of an efficient and scalable ASP system. Harmonizing data collection tools of PMT and HEA users would serve as a crucial building block towards a unified registry and play a key role in improving the efficiency of ASP systems.
    Subject(s): adaptive social protection ; cash transfers ; poverty ; proxy means testing ; targeting
    ISSN: 1982-9147
    Source: Open Knowledge Repository
    URL: View record in World Bank's OKR$$FView record in $$GWorld Bank's OKR$$Hfree for read
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Efficiency, Legitimacy and Impacts of Targeting Methods : Evidence from an Experiment in Niger
    2018
    ISSN: 3877-9152 
    Details
    Language: English
    Description: The methods to select safety net beneficiaries are the subject of frequent policy debates. This paper presents the results from a randomized experiment analyzing how efficiency, legitimacy, and short-term program effectiveness vary across widely used targeting methods. The experiment was embedded in the roll-out of a national cash transfer program in Niger. Eligible villages were randomly assigned to have beneficiary households selected through community-based targeting, a proxy-means test, or a formula designed to identify the food-insecure. Proxy-means testing is found to outperform other methods in identifying households with lower consumption per capita. The methods perform similarly against other welfare benchmarks. Legitimacy is high across all methods, but local populations have a slight preference for formula-based approaches. Manipulation and information imperfections are found to affect community-based targeting, although triangulation across multiple selection committees mitigates the related risks. Finally, short-term program impacts on food security are largest among households selected by proxy-means testing. Overall, the differences in performance across targeting methods are small relative to the overall level of exclusion stemming from limited funding for social programs.
    Subject(s): CASH TRANSFERS ; EFFECTIVENESS ; FOOD SECURITY ; POVERTY ; PROXY-MEANS TEST ; RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS ; SAFETY NETS ; SOCIAL PROGRAM ; TARGETING ; WELFARE BENCHMARKS
    ISSN: 3877-9152
    Source: Open Knowledge Repository
    URL: View record in World Bank's OKR$$FView record in $$GWorld Bank's OKR$$Hfree for read
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Co-composting of Paper Mill Sludge and Hardwood Sawdust Under Two Types of In-Vessel Processes
    2004
    ISSN: 0360-1234 
    Details
    Language: English
    In: Journal of environmental science and health. Part B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes, 2004-01-01, Vol.39 (1), p.139-151
    Description: Recycling of organic residues by composting is becoming an acceptable practice in our society. Co-composting dewatered paper mill sludge (PMS) and hardwood sawdust, two readily available materials in Canada, was investigated using uncontrolled and controlled in-vessel processes. The composted materials were characterized for total C and N, water-soluble, acid-hydrolyzable, and non-hydrolyzable N, extractable lipids, and by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometry. In the controlled scale process, the loss of organic matter was approximately 65% higher than in the uncontrolled process. After undergoing initial fluctuations in N fractions during the first two days of composting, by the end of the process, concentrations of water-soluble N decreased while those of acid-hydrolyzable and nonhydrolyzable N increased in the controlled process, whereas in the uncontrolled process, water-soluble N increased, but N in the other two fractions decreased continuously, indicating that the biochemical transformations of organic matter were not completed. Data on extractable lipids and FT-IR spectra suggest that the compost produced from the controlled process was bio-stable after 14 days, while the uncontrolled process was not stabilized after 18 days. In addition, FT-IR data suggest the biological activity during composting centered mainly on the degradation of aliphatic structures while aromatic structures were preserved. The co-composting of the PMS and hardwood sawdust can be successfully achieved if aeration, moisture, and bio-available C/N ratios are optimized to reduce losses of N.
    Subject(s): Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions ; Aliphatics ; Aromatics ; Bio-available C/N ratio ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biological and medical sciences ; Carbon - analysis ; Carbon - chemistry ; Composting ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; General agronomy. Plant production ; Kinetics ; Lipids ; Nitrogen - analysis ; Nitrogen - chemistry ; Other nutrients. Amendments. Solid and liquid wastes. Sludges and slurries ; Paper mill sludge ; Refuse Disposal - methods ; Sawdust ; Soil-plant relationships. Soil fertility. Fertilization. Amendments ; Solubility ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared - methods ; Wood
    ISSN: 0360-1234
    E-ISSN: 1532-4109
    DOI: 10.1081/PFC-120027445
    Source: Academic Search Ultimate
    URL: http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=15493482$$DView record in Pascal Francis
    URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15022747$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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  • 8
    Review
    Review
    Psycholinguistics and didactics of foreign languages
    2011
    ISSN: 1638-9808 
    Details
    Language: French
    In: Corpus, 2011-01-01, Vol.10, p.312-320
    ISSN: 1638-9808
    E-ISSN: 1765-3126
    Source: Alma/SFX Local Collection
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